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1 Humbert, L., D. Gagnon, D.D. Kneeshaw and C. Messier. 2007. A shade tolerance index for common understory species of northeastern North America. Ecological Indicators 7: 195-207.GRAM
3Burns, R. M. and B. H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwood. Agricultural Handbook 654. Forest Service. United States Department of Agriculture. 877 p.GRAM
5OMNR. 2003. Silviculture Guide to Managing Spruce, Fir, Birch, and Aspen Mixedwoods in Ontario’s Boreal Forest. Version 1.0. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Queen’s Printer for Ontario. 382 p.GRAM
6OMNR. 2000. A Slviculture Guide to Managing Southern Ontario Forests. Forest Analyst, Southcentral Sciences Section, OMNR. 654 p.GRAM
8Farrar, J. L. 1996. Les arbres du Canada (Trees in Canada). Éditions Fidès. 502 p.GRAM
9Frère Marie-Victorin. 1964. Flore Laurentienne. 2e Éd., Montréal, Presses Université de Montréal. 925 p.GRAM
10OMNR. 1998. A silvicultural guide for the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence conifer forest in Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Queen's Printer for Ontario. Toronto. 424 p.GRAM
11OMNR. 1997. Silvicultural guide to managing for black spruce, jack pine and aspen on boreal forest ecosites in Ontario. Version 1.1. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour., Queen’s Printer for Ontario, Toronto. 3 books. 822 p.GRAM
14Hydro-Québec. 2005. Répertoire des arbres et arbustes ornementaux . Hydro-Québec Distribution. 547 p.GRAM
15Jobidon, R. 1995. Autécologie de quelques espèces de compétition d'importance pour la régénération forestière au Québec - Revue de littérature. Mémoire de recherche forestière no 117. Gouvernement du Québec, ministère des Ressources naturelles, Direction de la recherche forestière. 180 p.GRAM
23Mulligan, G. A. 1979. The biology of Canadian Weeds. Volume 1. Contributions 1-32. Agricultural Institute of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario.GRAM
24Ringius G. et R. Sims. 1997. Plantes indicatrices des forêts canadiennes. Service canadien des forêts, Ressources naturelles Canada. 217 p.GRAM
27Fleurbec, 1987. Plantes sauvages des lacs, rivières, tourbières. Édition Fleurbec, Saint-Augustin, Québec. 399 p. GRAM
28aFleurbec, 1978. Plantes sauvages des villes et des champs. Vol. 1. Édition FIDES. 273 p.GRAM
28bFleurbec, 1983. Plantes sauvages des villes et des champs et en bordure des chemins. Vol. 2. Édition Fleurbec, Saint-Augustin, Québec. 208 p.GRAM
29Fleurbec, 1993. Fougères, prêles et lycopodes. Édition Fleurbec, Saint-Henri-de-Lévis, Québec. 511 p.GRAM
30Lamoureux, G. 1979. Plantes sauvages printanières. Éditions France-Amérique. 247 p. GRAM
32USDA Forest Service. Consulté en mars 2008. (Internet : http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/)GRAM
33Bashant, A. L., R. D. Nyland, H. M. Engelman, K. K. Bohn, J. M. Verostek, P. J. Donoso and R. L. Nissen Jr. 2005. The role of interfering plants in regenerating hardwood stands in Northeastern North America: An annotated bibliography for American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum L.). hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.), hayscented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula L.), New York fern (Thelypteris noveborecensis L.), bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum L.), rasberries (Rubus spp.), and pin cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica L.f.). Univ. Maine, Maine Agric. and For. Exp. Stn. Misc. Publ. 753.GRAM
34Nyland, R. D., A. L. Bashant, K. K. Bohn and J. M. Verostek. 2006. Interference to hardwood regeneration in Northeastern North America: Ecologic characteristics of American beech, striped maple, and hobblebush. North. J. Appl. For.: 23(1):53-61.GRAM
35Nyland, R. D., A. L. Bashant, K. K. Bohn and J. M. Verostek. 2006. Interference to hardwood regeneration in Northeastern North America: Controlling effects of American beech, striped maple, and hobblebush. North. J. Appl. For.: 23(2):122-132.GRAM
36Nyland, R. D., A. L. Bashant, E. F. Heitzman and J. M. Verostek. 2007. Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Pin Cherry and Its Effects. North. J. Appl. For.: 24(1):52-60.GRAM
37McRae, D. J. 1998. Effective control of bracken fern by prescribed fire. Pages 199-201 in Popular summaries: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management, August 24-28, 1998, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre.GRAM
40Donoso, P. J. and R. D. Nyland. 2006. Interference to hardwood regeneration in Northeastern North America: The effects of raspberries (Rubus spp.) following clearcutting and shelterwood methods. North. J. Appl. For.:23(4):288-296.GRAM
41Ministère des ressources naturelles. 1995. Étude comparative des modes de dégagement de la régénération forestière. Annexe A : Les espèces de compétition. 100 p.GRAM
42Risenhoover L. and A. Maass. 1987. The influence of moose on the composition and structure of Isle Royale Can. J. For. Res. 17: 357-364 GRAM
43Lavoie, C. and A. Saint-Louis. 1999. The spread of grey birch (Betula populifolia) in eastern Quebec: landscapes and historical considerations. Can. J. Bot. 77: 859-868.GRAM
44Catling, P. M. and W. Spicer. 1988. The separation of Betula populifolia and Betula pendula and their status in Ontario. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1017-1026.GRAM
45Kemball, K. J. et al. 2005. Response of understory plant communitiy of boreal mixedwood stands to fire, logging, and spruce budworm outbreak. Can. J. Bot. 83: 1550-1560.GRAM
46USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plant Database. Characteristics. Available : http://plants.usda.gov [2008 April]GRAM
48Sharp, W.E., J.E. Halofsky. 2004. Hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) and Sugar Mapple (Acer saccharum) seedling occurrence with variying soil acidity in Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the 14th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference. GTR-NE-316 : 265-270.GRAM
49Hill, J. D., J. A. Silander. 2001. Distribution and dynamics ot two ferns : Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Dennstaedtiaceae) and Thelypteris Noverbaracensis (Thelypteridaceae) in a Northeast mixed hardwoods-Hemlock forest. American Journal of Botany 88(5) : 894-902.GRAM
50De la Crétaz, A. L. and M. J. Kelty, 2006. Control of hay-scented fern by mowing. NJAF 23(3). 149-154.GRAM
51Engelman, H.M. and R. D. Nyland. 2006. Interference to hardwood regeneration in Northeastern North America : Assessing on countering ferns in Northern hardwood forests. NJAF 23(3). 166-174.GRAM
52Groninger, J.W. and L.H. McCormick. 1992. Effects of soil disturbance on hayscented fern establishment. NJAF 9 (1). 29-31.GRAM
53In coll. 1983. Plantes sauvages des villes, des champs et en bordure des chemins (2). Fleurbec, auteur et éditeur, 208 p.GRAM
54Rivard, P.G. et al. 1990. The effect of water table depth on white spruce (Picea glauca) seedling growth in association with the marsh reed grass (Calamagrostis canadensis) on wet mineral soil. Can J. For. Res. 20 : 1553-1558.GRAM
55Landhäusser, S. M. and V. J. Lieffers, 1999. Rhizome growht of Calamagrostis canadensis into mounds created for tree seedling establishment. New Forests. 18 : 245-262.GRAM
56Macey, D. E. and R.S. Winder, 2001. Biological control and the management of Calamagrostis canadensis (Bluejoint Grass). Natural Ressources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Number 25, July 2001.GRAM
PM75Cody, W.J. et D.M.Britton, 1989. Les fougères et les plantes alliées du Canada. Agriculture Canada. 452 p.GRAM
PM76Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 14+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 24, 2007.GRAM
PM 77 Boivin, B., 1992. Les cypéracées de l'est du Canada. Provancheria N° 25, Herbier Louis-Marie, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval. 230 p.GRAM

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